Dec 2024, Volume 43 Issue 12
    

  • Select all
    Editorial
  • Editorial
    Junzhi Cui, Jian-Feng Chen
  • Editorial
    Comprehensive Group of the Global Engineering Front Research Project
  • News & Highlights
  • News & Highlights
    Jennifer Welsh
  • News & Highlights
    Mitch Leslie
  • News & Highlights
    Mitch Leslie
  • Views & Comments
  • Views & Comments
    Linlin Wang, Tong Zhang, Hongliang Tian, Qiyi Chen, Lianmin Chen, Yuzheng Xue, Gaojue Wu, Yurong Tang, Ning Li, Qixiao Zhai, Wei Chen

    Constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder affecting approximately 10% of the global population, significantly impacting patients’ physical and psychological health. Recent research underscores the close relationship between gut microbiota and constipation occurrence. However, consensus on the characteristic microbiota and metabolites associated with constipation remains elusive. To address this, we have initiated the Chinese Gut Motility Project (CGMP), a prospective cohort study focusing on Chinese patients with constipation, in collaboration with multiple hospitals in Shanghai and Jiangsu. This project aims to enroll at least 2000 patients with constipation and 500 healthy controls from several centers. Comprehensive data collection will include demographics, diet, lifestyle, medical history, mental health, and biological samples such as blood, stool, saliva, and biopsy tissue. Multi-omics analyses (metagenomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics) will be performed to integrate various data types for an exhaustive analysis of constipation.<br/>The CGMP aims to establish a microbiota-based diagnostic system and predictive model for constipation, facilitating differentiation between constipated patients and non-constipated controls. This approach promises a novel, non-invasive method for clinical diagnosis of constipation. Additionally, personalized clinical and microbiota-targeted dietary intervention strategies will be developed based on gut microbiota characteristics for different types of constipation. Ultimately, a comprehensive microbiological diagnostic platform for constipation will be established offering new opportunities for precision medicine in the treatment and management of constipation.

  • Views & Comments
    Jing Han,Zhou-Hua Cheng,Dong-Feng Liu,Han-Qing Yu
  • Views & Comments
    Justus Wesseler,Mengshuai Zhu
  • Engineering Achievements
  • Engineering Achievements
    Chunsheng Zhang

    As the second-largest hydropower station in the world in terms of installed capacity, the Baihetan Hydropower Station plays a crucial role in China’s West-East electricity transmission project. Located in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River, the dam site straddles Ningnan County in Sichuan Province and Qiaojia County in Yunnan Province in China, controlling a basin area of 430 300 km2 and covering 91% of the Jinsha River’s catchment. The total reservoir capacity of the Baihetan Hydropower Station is 20.627 billion cubic meter, and its total installed capacity is 16 000 MW. While the main function of the project is hydroelectric power generation, the project also addresses flood control and navigation, as well as promoting local economic and social development.

    The main structures of the hydropower project include the water-retaining structure, flood-discharge and energy-dissipation facilities, and underground hydroelectric power-generation system. The water-retaining structure is a concrete double-curvature arch dam standing 289 m tall with a crest elevation of 834 m. The flood-discharge and energy-dissipation facilities, which have a maximum discharge capacity of 42 350 m3·s−1, consist of six spillways and seven deep outlets within the dam, three discharge tunnels on the left bank, and a plunge pool with an auxiliary weir located downstream of the dam. The underground water-conveyance and power-generation system, embedded on both banks of the Jinsha River, houses eight hydroelectric generators on each side, with a unit capacity of up to 1000 MW—the largest in the world. Fig. 1 presents a panoramic view of the Baihetan Hydropower Station, while Fig. 2 illustrates the project layout.

  • Research
  • Review
    Hang Li,Yudan Ma,Rongxin Fu,Jiaxi Peng,Yanbing Zhai,Jinhua Li,Wei Xu,Siyi Hu,Hanbin Ma,Aaron R. Wheeler,Shuailong Zhang
    Microproteomics, the profiling of protein expressions in small cell populations or individual cells, is essential for understanding complex biological systems. However, sample loss and insufficient sensitivity of analytical techniques pose severe challenges to this field. Microfluidics, particularly droplet-based microfluidics, provides an ideal approach by enabling miniaturized and integrated workflows to process samples and offers several advantages, including reduced sample loss, low reagent consumption, faster reaction times, and improved throughput. Droplet-based microfluidics manipulates droplets of fluids to function as discrete reaction units, enabling complex chemical reactions and biological workflows in a miniaturized setting. This article discusses a variety of on-chip functions of droplet-based microfluidics, including cell sorting, cell culture, and sample processing. We then highlight recent advances in the mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of single cells using droplet-based microfluidic platforms, including digital microfluidics (DMF). Finally, we review the integrated DMF–MS systems that enable automated and parallel proteomic profiling of single cells with high sensitivity and discuss the applications of the technology and its future perspectives.
  • Review
    Nattapong Chantipmanee,Yan Xu
    The manipulation of nanometric objects, encompassing both non-biological and biological objects, offers a transformative avenue for breakthroughs in diverse fields, such as chemistry, biology, chemical and biomedical engineering, materials and mechanical engineering, and various industrial applications. However, achieving accuracy, precision, and high throughput in the manipulation of nanometric objects, whether on the scale of a single nanometric entity or molecule, is a formidable challenge because of the extremely small dimensions involved. Nanofluidics has already demonstrated unique capabilities for transporting the mass of ions and small molecules at the nanoscale. We posit that chip-based nanofluidic devices provide potent strategies for the precise, accurate, and high-throughput manipulation of single nanometric entities and molecules, benefiting from their dimensions, which are comparable to those of nanometric objects. This article offers an overview of the current progress in nanofluidic manipulation of single nanometric objects. It also discusses the challenges in the development of nanofluidic manipulation technologies. Furthermore, the article explores future opportunities in the field, highlighting possible solutions to the challenges, and aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on nanofluidic manipulation, thus propelling the field to overcome its current limitations.
  • Article
    Ziheng Zhou,Yongjian Zhang,Yilin Zheng,Ke Chen,Yueming Gao,Yuehe Ge,Yue Li,Yijun Feng,Zhizhang David Chen
    The development of high-performance optically transparent radio frequency (RF) radiators is limited by the intrinsic loss issue of transparent conductive films (TCFs). Instead of pursuing expensive endeavors to improve the TCFs’ electrical properties, this study introduces an innovative approach that leverages leaky-wave mode manipulation to mitigate the TCFs’ attenuating effect and maximize the RF radiation. Our finding reveals that the precise control of the mode confinement on glass-coated TCFs can create a low-attenuation window for leaky-wave propagation, where the total attenuation caused by TCF dissipation and wave leakage is effectively reduced. The observed low-attenuation leaky-wave state on lossy TCFs originates from the delicate balance between wave leakage and TCF dissipation, attained at a particular glass cladding thickness. By leveraging the substantially extended radiation aperture achieved under suppressed wave attenuation, this study develops an optically transparent antenna with an enhanced endfire realized gain exceeding 15 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 66%, which is validated to offer competitive transmission performance for advancing ubiquitous wireless communication and sensing applications.
  • Article
    Ang Li,Yifan Wu,Gongyuan Zhang,Chang Wang,Jijun He,Yaqi Shi,Zongyin Yang,Shilong Pan
    Computational spectrometers utilizing disordered structures have emerged as promising solutions for meeting the imperative demand for integrated spectrometers, offering high performance and improved resilience to fabrication variations and temperature fluctuations. However, the current computational spectrometers are impractical because they rely on a brute-force random design approach for disordered structures. This leads to an uncontrollable, non-reproducible, and suboptimal spectrometer performance. In this study, we revolutionize the existing paradigm by introducing a novel inverse design approach for computational spectrometers. By harnessing the power of inverse design, which has traditionally been applied to optimize single devices with simple performance, we successfully adapted it to optimize a complex system comprising multiple correlated components with intricate spectral responses. This approach can be applied to a wide range of structures. We validated this by realizing a spectrometer utilizing a new type of disordered structure based on interferometric effects that exhibits negligible loss and high sensitivity. For a given structure, our approach yielded a remarkable 12-times improvement in the spectral resolution and a four-fold reduction in the cross-correlation between the filters. The resulting spectrometer demonstrated reliable and reproducible performance with the precise determination of structural parameters.
  • Article
    Guangwei Wang,Xueming Liu,Ying Xiao,Ye Yuan,Linqiang Pan,Xiaohong Guan,Jianxi Gao,Hai-Tao Zhang
    Ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented persistent deterioration due to unsustainable anthropogenic human activities, such as overfishing and deforestation, and the effects of such damage on ecological stability are uncertain. Despite recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies on regime shifts and tipping points, theoretical tools for understanding the extinction chain, which is the sequence of species extinctions resulting from overexploitation, are still lacking, especially for large-scale nonlinear networked systems. In this study, we developed a mathematical tool to predict regime shifts and extinction chains in ecosystems under multiple exploitation situations and verified it in 26 real-world mutualistic networks of various sizes and densities. We discovered five phases during the exploitation process: safe, partial extinction, bistable, tristable, and collapse, which enabled the optimal design of restoration strategies for degraded or collapsed systems. We validated our approach using a 20-year dataset from an eelgrass restoration project. Counterintuitively, we also found a specific region in the diagram spanning exploitation rates and competition intensities, where exploiting more species helps increase biodiversity. Our computational tool provides insights into harvesting, fishing, exploitation, or deforestation plans while conserving or restoring the biodiversity of mutualistic ecosystems.
  • Perspective
    Yao Zhang,Enhui Xing,Wei Han,Panfeng Yang,Song Zhang,Su Liu,Dongxue Cao,Mingfeng Li
    Petroleum has played a vital role as the major supplier of materials and energy during the evolution of human civilization. Given the change in demand for energy from high to low carbon and ultimately net zero carbon, the energy framework has undergone revolutionary changes. The energy attribute of petroleum will be gradually weakened, while the material and CO2 emission attributes will be gradually strengthened. Thus, the petrochemical processing basis, scientific concepts, and ideas will undergo major adjustments to reshape the petrochemical industry. Hence, it is necessary to reconsider the evolution of the petrochemical industry from a historical perspective and to clarify the historical causes, development contexts, and possible challenges in future development. Herein, we critically reassess the key drivers and rules guiding the development of the petrochemical industry and propose a reconstruction strategy based on simplified engineering thinking, innate nature of energy and material, and CO2 emissions, which can be realized through the integration of gasification with CO as the target product and recent C1 chemistry targeting the precise synthesis of chemicals. The concept of the petrochemical industry will change from the product-based process of selection and transformation of raw material molecules to the process of carbon atom reconfiguration driven by product CO2 emissions. More accurate management of C atoms can be accomplished with greatly improved utilization efficiency and the reduction of separation intensity and CO2 emissions via the stepwise introduction of a new approach in the current petrochemical industry.
  • Perspective
    Hong Liu, Zhaoming Chen, Zhiwei Wang, Ming Xu, Yutao Wang, Jinju Geng, Fengjun Yin

    Water quality system informatics (WQSI) is an emerging field that employs cybernetics to collect and digitize data associated with water quality. It involves monitoring the physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect water quality and the ecological impacts and interconnections within water quality systems. WQSI integrates theories and methods from water quality engineering, information engineering, and system control theory, enabling the intelligent management and control of water quality. This integration revolutionizes the understanding and management of water quality systems with greater precision and higher resolution. WQSI is a new stage of development in environmental engineering that is driven by the digital age. This work explores the fundamental concepts, research topics, and methods of WQSI and its features and potential to promote disciplinary development. The innovation and development of WQSI are crucial for driving the digital and intelligent transformation of national industry patterns in China, positioning China at the forefront of environmental engineering and ecological environment research on a global scale.

  • Article
    Ye Yuan,Junjie Zhang,Wanxin Yin,Lulu Zhang,Lin Li,Tianming Chen,Cheng Ding,Wenzong Liu,Aijie Wang,Fan Chen
    The effective elimination of aromatic compounds from wastewater is imperative for safeguarding the ecological environment. Bioelectrochemical processes that combine cathodic reduction and anodic oxidation represent a promising approach for the biomineralization of aromatic compounds. However, conventional direct current bioelectrochemical methods have intrinsic limitations. In this study, a low-frequency and low-voltage alternating current (LFV-AC)-driven bioelectrode offering periodic in situ coupling of reduction and oxidation processes was developed for the biomineralization of aromatic compounds, as exemplified by the degradation of alizarin yellow R (AYR). LFV-AC stimulated biofilm demonstrated efficient bidirectional electron transfer and oxidation–reduction bifunctionality, considerably boosting AYR reduction (63.07% ± 1.91%) and subsequent mineralization of intermediate products (98.63% ± 0.37%). LFV-AC stimulation facilitated the assembly of a collaborative microbiome dedicated to AYR metabolism, characterized by an increased abundance of functional consortia proficient in azo dye reduction (Stenotrophomonas and Bradyrhizobium), aromatic intermediate oxidation (Sphingopyxis and Sphingomonas), and electron transfer (Geobacter and Pseudomonas). The collaborative microbiome demonstrated a notable enrichment of functional genes encoding azo- and nitro-reductases, catechol oxygenases, and redox mediator proteins. These findings highlight the effectiveness of LFV-AC stimulation in boosting azo dye biomineralization, offering a novel and sustainable approach for the efficient removal of refractory organic pollutants from wastewater.
  • Article
    Jinjing Huang,Xia Liu,Kaixing Fu,Shengyun Yang,Shiqing Zhou,Jinming Luo
    The valorization of Chinese medicine residues (CMRs) into high-value-added products, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), has garnered significant interest in the current post-pandemic era, particularly in regions where Chinese medicine (CM) is widely utilized (i.e., Southeast Asia). In this study, we propose a facile and economical protocol for selectively extracting MCC from CMRs via one-step direct peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation without the need for intricate steps. Importantly, our proposed protocol has been verified to be versatile and can be applied to various solid waste sources rich in cellulose, with an average extraction rate of 75%. Analysis using the Fukui index revealed that the β-O-4 bond, the aromatic ring in lignin, specific O sites in hemicellulose, and the amorphous region of cellulose are more susceptible to electrophilic attack by PMS than to reactions involving HO•, SO4•−, or 1O2. Leveraging this distinct mechanism, the extracted MCC demonstrated ultrahigh purity (∼95%) and crystallinity (∼85.36%). Overall, our work involves transforming solid waste into high-value products through the provision of a technical solution, with the potential for onsite application. This represents a significant advancement to the valorization of CMRs, particularly in providing theoretical guidance for accelerating the recycling of waste materials.
  • Article
    Donglian Gu,Qingrui Yue,Li Li,Chujin Sun,Xinzheng Lu
    Vision-based digital shadowing is a highly efficient way to monitor the health of buildings in use. However, previous studies on digital shadowing have been limited to laboratory experiments. This paper proposes a novel computer-vision-based digital shadow workflow and presents its successful application in a real engineering case. In this case, a 345.8-m supertall building experienced unexpected shaking under normal meteorological conditions. This study established a digital shadow of the building using three-dimensional displacement measurements based on super-resolution monocular vision, revealing the hidden structural dynamics and inherent mechanical reasons for the abnormal shaking. The proposed digital shadowing workflow is a feasible roadmap for developing vision-based digital shadows of real-world structures using low-cost cameras. The abnormal vibration event in the supertall building considered in this study is the first of its type worldwide. The results of this study offer practical strategies and invaluable insights into the prevention and mitigation of this type of global risk, thereby contributing to the lifespan extension of buildings in use worldwide. Furthermore, with the increasing number of general sensing devices, such as surveillance cameras in cities, the proposed method may unleash the immense potential of general sensing devices in achieving the leap from structural health monitoring to city health monitoring.
  • Article
    Chuanxi Tian,Hang Liu,Qian Wang,Jinyue Zhao,Chensi Yao,Yanfeng Yao,Xu Zhang,Qinhai Ma,Weihao Wang,Yanyan Zhou,Mengxiao Wang,Xiaomeng Shi,Xiangyan Li,Shan Wang,Yingying Yang,Xiaowen Gou,Lijuan Zhou,Jingyi Zhao,Li Wan,Jiarui Li
    Sanhan Huashi formula (SHHS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has shown significant therapeutic effects on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in clinical settings. However, its specific mechanism and components still require further clarification. In vitro experiments with Vero-E6 cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) demonstrated that SHHS effectively inhibited viral invasion and proliferation. Complementary in vivo experiments using K18-human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) mice exposed to virus-like particles (VLPs) further confirmed that SHHS impeded SARS-CoV-2 entry. Although SHHS did not demonstrate direct antiviral effects in K18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2, it significantly alleviated pathological damage and decreased the expression of chemokines such as C–C motif ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-3, C–X–C motif ligand (CXCL)-1, CXCL-6, CXCL-9, CXCL-10, and CXCL-11 in the lungs, suggesting that SHHS exerts immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects via the CCL-2–CXCL axis. Additional research using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and RAW264.7 cell model validated the ability of SHHS to reduce the levels of inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Using advanced analytical techniques such as ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), nodakenin was identified as a potent antiviral component of SHHS that targets the 3C-like protease (3CLpro), a finding supported by the hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and molecular docking analyses. Furthermore, nodakenin demonstrated a significant antiviral effect, reducing the viral load by more than 66%. This investigation reveals that SHHS can combat COVID-19 by inhibiting viral invasion and promoting anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Article
    Nuo Lin,Han Xu,Haichao Liu,Xiaoqian Ma,Qunying Shi,Qing Yang,Yating Wen,Huanglei Wei,Ke Hu,Bing Yang,Hongmin Chen
    Radiotherapy is an important treatment for cancer, but it is associated with major side effects due to the high dose of radiation (generally more than 50 Gy). Because radiation’s low acute and late toxicity, many tumors are treated with fractionated radiation in small doses (< 2 Gy). Scintillator X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy is an efficient methodology for cancer management that employs small doses of X-ray irradiation (< 2 Gy) in a complex process. Here we screened pharmaceutical drug intermediates that are derivatives of thioxanthone (TX) and investigated TX-derived organic pharmaceutical molecules that efficiently undergo X-ray-sensitization to populate triplet excitons (singlet oxygen) for cancer therapy when exposed to low-dose X-ray irradiation. By modifying alkoxy side chain substitutions at the 2-position to tune the molecular packing and intermolecular interactions, the fluorescence and room-temperature phosphorescence of a series of TX derivatives were assessed under X-ray irradiation. The ability of these derivatives to generate singlet oxygen and their potential for treating tumors provide new opportunities for developing organic molecules with simple chemical structures, in which large numbers of triplets can be populated directly under ultralow-dose X-ray irradiation.
  • Article
    Heng Liu, Haiying Zhang, Han Lou, Jennifer Wang, Shengxin Hao, Hui Chen, Chen Chen, Lei Wang, Huimin Li, Ziyu Meng, Wenjie Zhao, Tong Zhao, Yuan Lin, Zhimin Du, Xin Liu, Baofeng Yang, Yong Zhang

    The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has increased markedly as the world population has aged. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported as novel regulators in diverse pathophysiological conditions. Here, we performed RNA-seq and observed that the lncRNA Zeb1os1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1, opposite strand 1), which is known as ZEB1-AS1 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 antisense 1) in humans, was upregulated in the aged mice hearts, senescent cardiomyocytes, and human blood from elderly individuals. The human blood ZEB1-AS1 level was positively relevant to human age but negatively relevant to peak E to peak A (E/A). Silencing Zeb1os1 ameliorated diastolic dysfunction and cardiac senescence in aged mice. On the other hand, Zeb1os1 overexpression triggered cardiac dysfunction resembling that observed in aged mice. Mechanistically, we provide compelling evidence that Zeb1os1 interacts with the transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) for ubiquitination (UB)-mediated degradation. This process inhibits lysosomal Ca2+ efflux, impairing lysosome function. In addition, the functional domain of Zeb1os1, which contains the key nucleotides responsible for the pro-senescence property of full-length Zeb1os1 in cardiomyocytes. Together, these data suggest that Zeb1os1 is a potential target for ameliorating lysosomal dysfunction and aging-related cardiac impairment.

  • Article
    Xue Xiong,Qingji Huo,Changpeng Cui,Uma K. Aryal,BonHeon Ku,Chin-Suk Hong,HeeChang Lim,Jing Liu,Andy Chen,William R. Thompson,Bai-Yan Li,Xue-Lian Li,Hiroki Yokota
    Bone frequently serves as a metastatic site for breast and prostate cancers. Given the potential of low-intensity vibration (LIV) to increase bone health and reduce cancer risk, this study investigated the impact of LIV on cancer cells, as well as noncancer cells such as lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results revealed that LIV exposure not only suppressed cancer cell migration but also triggered the generation of induced tumor-suppressing (iTS) cells. Conditioned medium (CM) derived from LIV-treated PBMCs shrank freshly isolated breast and prostate cancer tissues, and when CM was combined with a chemotherapeutic agent, additional antitumor effects were observed. Notably, iTS cell-derived CM hindered the maturation of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-stimulated bone-resorbing osteoclasts while promoting the differentiation of bone-forming osteoblasts. Intriguingly, the anticancer effects induced by LIV were replicated by simply shaking a cell-containing tube with a regular tube shaker. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, this study revealed enrichment of tumor-suppressing proteins, including enolase 1, moesin (MSN), and aldolase A (ALDOA), which are commonly found in oncogene-activated iTS cells, in LIV-induced CM. Sad1 and UNC-84 domain containing 1 (SUN1), a core component of the linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, exhibited heightened expression, notably enhancing the response of lymphocytes to LIV. An ex vivo bone cancer model further demonstrated the potent anticancer effects of lymphocyte-derived CM. In conclusion, this study underscores the pivotal role of LIV in preventing bone loss in the tumor microenvironment.
  • Article
    Xuan Chen,Wei Luo,Qun Gao,Congrong Chen,Lichan Li,Dongbo Liu,Shaoyun Wang
    A sustainable solution to the dramatic spread of antibiotic resistance threatening public health security is the development of antibiotic-free antimicrobial substances. Inspired by natural host defense mechanisms involving amino-terminal copper−nickel binding motif (ATCUN) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), we have designed and prepared an artificial complex (Cu@G-AMPs) incorporating single-atom Cu catalysts for antibacterial therapy. The substrate of the complex, formed from guanine doped with abundant heteroatoms, anchored single Cu atoms with a coordination number of 2 and an average bond length of 1.91Å. Interestingly, Cu@G-AMPs, exhibiting Fenton-like catalytic activity, caused the inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by generating and delivering reactive oxygen species (ROS) cargo. Mechanistically, the intrinsic stress response system of MRSA underwent an irreversible collapse when Cu@G-AMPs initiated its offensive program associated with non-specific targets. Furthermore, Cu@G-AMPs, which inherited the immunomodulatory properties of AMPs, sequentially carried out the functions of pulling edge closure, stabilizing granulation tissue, promoting collagen fiber proliferation, alleviating inflammation, and promoting neovascularization in wound areas infected by MRSA. Our results show that Cu@G-AMPs will provide a new perspective on untangling the complex regulatory networks that resistant bacteria have cultivated to deactivate commercial antibiotics.
  • Review
    Junyao Xiong,Usama Ashraf,Jing Ye,Shengbo Cao
    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by cells and widely exist in body fluids, serving as an essential vehicle of intercellular communication. In recent years, EVs have gained significant attention owing to their ability to carry nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins of host and pathogen origins. A distinct composition of EVs during pathogenic infection contributes to mediating pathogenic infection, transmission, and immunity to target cells. Therefore, studying the role of EVs in pathogenic infection is crucial for understanding pathogen-host interactions and developing new anti-pathogenic therapies. This review offers an overview of current knowledge of EVs in the context of infection, transmission, and immunity to pathogens. Harnessing EVs’ biology during pathogenic infection may lay a foundation for the mitigation of pathogenic infection and associated disease outcomes.
  • Review
    Mingshu Lou,Sha Li,Fangru Jin,Tangbing Yang,Runjiang Song,Baoan Song
    Pesticide ecological safety continues to be a hot issue. The inherent biosafety and physiological functions of vanillin, a widely used natural flavor in food additives, have unlocked numerous applications in the medical field, leading to a plethora of pharmaceutically active derivatives and commercial drugs. Despite its extensive use in pharmaceutical discovery and the food industry, vanillin’s potential in the domain of green pesticide development has only recently come to light. Significantly, its advantages of safety and low price make vanillin ideal for green pesticide research and development (R&D). In this context, this review illuminates the research on vanillin’s transformation into a suite of innovative agrochemicals. By delving into the design, synthesis, action mechanisms, and bio-safety of these vanillin-derived compounds, we uncover novel pathways for sustainable agriculture. Further possible directions for the exploration of this substance are also outlined. We believe that this story about vanillin will serve as a source of inspiration for those seeking to derive innovative ideas from natural substances, particularly in the realm of green pesticide R&D.
  • Article
    Hongfa Lv,Shufang Li,Jian Guan,Peng Zhang,Lingcong Kong,Hongxia Ma,Dan Li,Xuming Deng,Xiaodi Niu,Jianfeng Wang
    Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is well known for its virulence and persistence, particularly in intensive care units. Therefore, new strategies and candidates to treat A. baumannii infection are urgently needed considering the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1) is required for bacterial survival as it is involved in maintaining antibiotic resistance or tolerance, pathogenesis, and adversity resistance. Multiple phenotypic assays related to virulence and persistence were performed in this study, and phloretin was shown to attenuate A. baumannii virulence and persistence by inhibiting PPK1 activity. Phloretin hampered mobility, interfered with biofilm formation and decreased resistance to ampicillin, heat, and hydrogen peroxide stress in A. baumannii. The therapeutic effect was also examined in a mouse pneumonia infection model. Molecular simulation and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that ARG-22, MET-622, ASN57, and ARG-65 were the sites of phloretin action against PPK1. Phloretin treatment led to changes in metabolic pathways associated with A. baumannii virulence and persistence, including glycerophospholipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, phloretin alleviated pneumonic injury in a mouse pneumonia infection model in vivo, indicating that phloretin is a promising compound for preventing A. baumannii infection resistance by targeting PPK1.
  • Reiew
    Haiyan Hao,Yan Wang,Jiayu Chen
    Scenario planning is a powerful tool for cities to navigate uncertainties and mitigate the impacts of adverse scenarios by projecting future outcomes based on present-day decisions. This approach is becoming increasingly important given the growing call for building resilient cities to face adverse future scenarios posed by emerging disruptive technologies and climate change. However, conventional scenario planning practices predominantly rely on expert knowledge and judgment, which may be limited in accounting for the complexity of future scenarios. Therefore, we explored the potential integration of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to assist scenario planning practices. We synthesized related studies from various disciplines (e.g., engineering, computer science, and urban planning) to identify the potential applications of AI in the three key components of scenario planning: plan generation, scenario generation, and plan evaluation. We then discuss the challenges and possible solutions for integrating AI into the scenario planning process and highlight the critical role of planning experts in this process. We conclude by outlining future research opportunities in this context. Ultimately, this study contributes to the advancement of scenario planning practices and aids the creation of more resilient cities that can thrive in an uncertain future.