General Information
Engineering
Print ISSN 2095-8099
Online ISSN 2096-0026
CN 10–1244/N
Engineering is an international open-access journal supervised by the Chinese Academy of Engineering; administered by Center for Strategic Studies, CAE, China, and Higher Education Press, China; published by Engineering Science Press, China; and internationally cooperated with Elsevier. The journal is published monthly in English and the online version is published once a new article is peer-reviewed and accepted. The full text of the English articles should be translated into Chinese after they are officially published, which is convenient for Chinese readers.
Engineering covers the following categories: News & Highlights, Views & Comments, Research. Research focuses on creative, breakthrough, and leading research in the field of engineering. More details about article categories are listed below. Each article submitted to Engineering will be reviewed by at least three reviewers of relevant research fields. The whole peer-review process takes about 12 weeks.
Article Categories
Research Column
Research Articles commonly fall into one of five main categories: a) Reviews; b) Perspective; c) Article; d) Letter; e) Protocols.
a) Reviews
Reviews can be an authoritative overview of a field, a comprehensive literature reviews, or tutorial-style reference materials. They should describe and synthesize recent developments of interdisciplinary significance, outline the important unresolved questions, and highlight future directions. Reviews can up to ~10000 words, including 3~5 keywords, an abstract, an introduction, main body, brief subheadings, an outlook, figures or tables, and references. Reviews are usually invited by the editor, but a topic may be proposed by an author via the editorial office.
Feature Articles (up to ~6000 words) are reviews written by leading scientists within their field and mainly summarize his/her group’s recent work from a personal perspective. They cover many exciting and innovative fields and are of general interest to all researchers in the field.
Recent Patents (up to ~6000 words) should review the most recent and important patents based on the topic covered, including the important details and significance of reported patents.
b) Perspectives
Perspectives (up to ~3000 words) are brief, accessible pieces covering a wide variety of timely topics with some research details. They should highlight recent exciting research and provide new insights.
c) Articles
Full Length Articles (up to ~6000 words, including 3~5 keywords, an abstract, an introduction, main body, brief subheadings, a conclusion, figures or tables, and references.) are original, unpublished primary research. They are expected to discuss hot topics, areas of interest, challenges, and prospects in engineering science and technology (EST) development, and present a major and cutting-edge advance. We encourage engineering breakthroughs and innovations that are of profound economic and social importance, which can arouse widespread concern and follow-up in EST. The papers lay emphasis on the calculation or experiment process are not suitable for Engineering. Extensions of work that has been published previously in short form such as a Letters/Communications are usually acceptable. Additional supplementary materials are encouraged, which can be various types of auxiliary information, including figures and tables, detailed materials and methods, video or audio files, and so on.
d) Letters
Letters (up to ~4000 words) must contain original and highly significant work whose high novelty warrants rapid publication. They should present important new research results of broad significance.
e) Protocols
Protocols aim to publish the protocols being used to answer important research questions. The protocols must have been used to acquire data reported in published papers. Protocols are presented in a “recipe” style providing step-by-step descriptions of procedures in details.
Feature Columns
a) News & Highlights
News & Highlights (600~1500 words) column publishes timely news about the high-profile global engineering/technology issues, with a view to facilitating sci-tech dissemination and information exchange. This column covers major technical breakthroughs in the field of engineering technology, major policy-making, project implementation, and economic developments in engineering technology, or latest developments in other major issues of shared concern among sci-tech, engineering, and the wider communities.
b) Views & Comments
Views & Comments (1000~2000 words) are expected to provide views of the overall role on the EST development, advices of instructive significance for the resolution of grand challenging problems, new ideas of great importance on promoting inter-disciplinary research, or unique thoughts on some major issues of common concern to the science and engineering community and society. All submissions (including invited), requiring clear and specific views without empty comments, will go through a standard peer-review process. Due to the limited volume of the column, the specific point of view that is appropriate to be published in some professional journals won’t be acceptable here.
c) Engineering Achievements
Engineering Achievements (4000~5000 words) publishes major achievements of EST, aims to attract the attention of EST experts and students with the shocking cutting-edge and communicate the value of EST to the public with better understanding. Engineering Achievements are defined as—major engineering projects and industrial plant/equipment, new critical instruments, EST breakthroughs, production models breakthroughs, and etc. It is required that the scientific and engineering support technology or equipment is complete, and the main project has been completed in the past five years. A 3-5 min Video and other supplementary materials are highly recommended. They should be easy-understanding, concise, and eye-catching.
Before You Begin
Ethics in Publishing
Publishing responsibilities of authors
The publication of an article in a peer-reviewed journal is an essential building block in the development of a coherent and respected network of knowledge. It is a direct reflection of the quality of work of the author and the institutions that support them. Peer-reviewed articles support and embody the scientific method. It is therefore important to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior.
Plagiarism detection
Engineering uses CrossCheck to screen for plagiarism.
Engineering is a member of the CrossCheck plagiarism detection initiative. In cases of suspected plagiarism, CrossCheck is available to the editors of Engineering to detect instances of overlapping and similar text in submitted manuscripts by using the plagiarism detection tool iThenticate. CrossCheck is a multi-publisher initiative allowing screening of published and submitted content for originality. We also embedded the plagiarism detection tool iThenticate into our EVISE submission system, thereby manuscript will be automatically checked by iThenticate when it is submitted successfully.
Reporting standards
Authors of reports of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. A paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior are unacceptable.
Review and professional publication articles should also be accurate and objective, and editorial “opinion” works should be identified as such.
Conflict of interest
All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence their work.
Submission declaration
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.
Changes to authorship
This policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts: Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason that the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure as described above. Note that:
(1) Journal Managers will inform the Journal Editors of any such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.
After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will be followed the same policies as noted above and result in a corrigendum.
Copyright
Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of research. It governs how authors (as well as their employers or funders), publishers and the wider general public can use, publish and distribute articles or books.
In order for Chinese Academy Engineering (CAE) and Higher Education Press (HEP) to publish and disseminate research articles, we need publishing rights. This is determined by a publishing agreement between the author, CAE and HEP. This agreement deals with the transfer or license of the copyright to CAE,HEP and authors retain significant rights to use and share their own published articles.
How copyright works with open access licenses
For CAE proprietary journals, the following steps apply:
· Authors sign a publishing agreement (CC BY) where they will have copyright but grant broad publishing and distribution rights to the publisher, including the right to publish the article on CAE’s online platforms.
· The author chooses an end user license under which readers can use and share the article.
The publisher makes the article available online with the author's choice of end user license.
Role of the funding source
You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Language (Usage and Editing services)
Please write your text in good English (American spelling).
Submission
Manuscripts can be directly submitted to our manuscript submission and information portal on EVISE (http://www.journals.elsevier.com/engineering/) according to the requirements on it if you have an account for Elsevier, or you have to register one. The status of submitted manuscripts, notification of the Editor’s decision, and requests for revision can also be tracked at this portal.
If you need any further information, please contact us at：engineering@engineering.org.cn. We will do our best to reply as soon as possible.
Additional Information
Tables and figures may be presented with captions within the main body of the manuscript; if so, figures should additionally be uploaded as high resolution files.
Preparation
Use of word processing software
It is important that the file is saved in the native format of the word process or used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the word processor’s options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts. Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the text. To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the “spell-check” and “grammar-check” functions of your word processor.
Article Structure
Subdivision - numbered sections
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to “the text”. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.
Introduction
State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.
Material and methods
Provide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.
Theory/Calculation
A Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis.
Results
Results should be clear and concise.
Discussion
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.
Conclusions
The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.
Appendices
If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq.(B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.
Essential title page information
Title
Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae if possible.
Author names and affiliations
Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors’ affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author’s name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
Corresponding author
Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corresponding author.
Present/permanent address
If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a “Present address” (or “Permanent address”) may be indicated as a footnote to that author’s name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Abstract
A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
Keywords
Authors are invited to submit keywords associated with their paper.
Abbreviations
Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mentions there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.
Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).
Nomenclature and Units
Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, please give their equivalent in SI. Authors wishing to present a table of nomenclature should do so on the second page of their manuscript.
Math Formulae
Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.
Table footnotes
Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.
Artwork
Electronic artwork
General points
· Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
· Save text in illustrations as “graphics” or enclose the font.
· Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.
· Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
· Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
· Provide captions to illustrations separately.
· Submit each figure as a separate file.
Formats
If your electronic artwork is created in a Microsoft Office application (Word, PowerPoint, Excel) then please supply “as is”.
Please do not:
· Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Color artwork
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS) and with the correct resolution.
Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Tables
Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
References
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either “Unpublished results” or “Personal communication” Citation of a reference as “in press” implies that the item has been accepted for publication.
Web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.
References in a special issue
Please ensure that the words ‘this issue’ are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.
Reference management software
This journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote (http://www.endnote.com/support/enstyles.asp) and Reference Manager (http://refman.com/support/rmstyles.asp). Using plug-ins to word processing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below.
References style
Modern data collection on the distribution of income begins in the 1950s with the work of Kuznets [1].
In the 1960s and 1970s, similar methods using inheritance tax records were developed to construct top wealth shares [2, 3].
Inheritance declarations and probate records dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries were also exploited by a growing number of scholars in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom [4-7].
Examples
Reference to a journal publication:
[1] Chen J, Cai R, Ren G, Zhao J, Li H, Guo C, et al. Differences in clinicopathological characteristics and computed tomography findings between signet ring cell carcinoma and nonsignet ring cell carcinoma in early and advanced gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2018;7(4):1160–69.
[2] Barresi V, Reggiani BL, Domati F, Baron L. Prognostic relevance of histopathological features in signet ring cell carcinoma of the colorectum. Virchows Arch 2016;469(3):267–75.
Reference to a book:
[3] Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.
[4] National Lawyer's Guild AIDs Network; National Gay Rights Advocates. AIDS practice manual: a legal and educational guide. 2nd ed. San Francisco: The Network; 1988.
[5] Buettner A, editor. Springer handbook of odor. Wang K, Jiang JX, Feng T, Liu Q, Zhe W, translators. Beijing: Science Press; 2019. Chinese.
Reference to a chapter in an edited book:
[6] Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93–113.
Reference to a proceeding:
[7] Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13–15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002.
[8] Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3–5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182–91.
Others:
[9] Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension 2002;40(5):679–86.
[10] Vallancien G, Emberton M, Harving N, van Moorselaar RJ; Alf-One Study Group. Sexual dysfunction in 1,274 European men suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 2003;169(6):2257–61.
[11] Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. [Disease anxiety among medical students and law students]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2002;122(8):785–7. Norwegian.
[12] Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short- and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan. Headache 2002;42 Suppl 2:S93–9.
[13] Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature of balancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. In press.
[14] Alvarez R. Near optimal neural network estimator for spectral X-ray photon counting data with pileup. 2017. arXiv:1702.01006v1.
[15] Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
[16] EN 1993-1-5: Eurocode 3—Design of steel structures—Part 1–5: Plated structural elements. European standard. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization; 2006.
[17] Lim X. The kilogram is dead. Long live the kilogram [Internet]. New York City: The New York Times; 2018 Nov 16 [cited 2019 Feb 26]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/16/science/kilogram-physics-measurement.html.
[18] eatright.org [Internet]. Chicago: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; c2016 [cited 2016 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.eatright.org/.
Note 1 References
Citation in text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either “Unpublished results” or “Personal communication” Citation of a reference as “in press” implies that the item has been accepted for publication.
Web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.
References in a special issue
Please ensure that the words ‘this issue’ are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.
Reference management software
This journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages End Note (http://www.endnote.com/support/enstyles.asp) and Reference Manager (http://refman.com/support/rmstyles.asp). Using plug-ins to word processing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below.
References style
The number of the references in the text should be cited in the square brackets (i.e. [ ]). Grouped references should be separated by “,” (two or inconsecutive references) or connected by “–” (no less than three and consecutive references), e.g., [1,2], [1–5], or [1–3,5]. Such as:
Modern data collection on the distribution of income begins in the 1950s with the work of Kuznets [1].
In the 1960s and 1970s, similar methods using inheritance tax records were developed to construct top wealth shares [2,3].
Inheritance declarations and probate records dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries were also exploited by a growing number of scholars in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom [4–7].
Journal abbreviations source
Journal names should be abbreviated according
Index Medicus journal abbreviations: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html;
List of title word abbreviations: http://www.issn.org/2-22661-LTWAonline.php;
CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service): http://www.cas.org/sent.html.
Submission checklist
The following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.
Ensure that the following items are present:
One Author designated as corresponding Author:
· E-mail address
· Full postal address
· Telephone and fax numbers
All necessary files have been uploaded:
· Keywords
· All figure captions
· All tables (including title, description, footnotes)
Further considerations:
· Manuscript has been “spellchecked” and “grammar-checked”
· References are in the correct format for this journal
· All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa
· Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)
· Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print
· If only color on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes
After Acceptance
Use of the Digital Object Identifier
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly ‘Articles in press’ because they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters B): doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.059
When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.
Proofs
One set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post) or, a link will be provided in the e-mail so that authors can download the files themselves.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return them to CAE in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately– please let us have all your corrections within 72 hours. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.