Aeronautical engineering science and technologies involve multiple disciplines, high technical risks, large capital investment, and long development cycles; therefore, a long-term, stable development strategy is needed to achieve breakthroughs regarding the key core technologies of aeronautical engineering science and technologies and to realize the sustainable development of the aeronautical industry. This study summarizes the global development trend and China’s development status of aeronautical engineering science and technologies from four aspects: civil aircraft, aero engine, airborne system, and air traffic control system. It also identifies the development deficiencies in terms of basic research and technical reserves; system integration and product system research; aero engine technology; airborne system research, development, and testing; aeronautical maintenance capabilities; and industrial software and basic components. On this basis, a 20-year development vision for aeronautical engineering science and technologies in China is proposed, as well as key directions for future project deployment: supersonic passenger aircraft, high-speed rotorcraft, new energy aircraft, hybrid electric propulsion systems, next-generation air traffic control technologies, intelligent passenger aircraft, all-composite aero engines, and intelligent repair technologies for composite materials. Furthermore, the study suggests incorporating aeronautical power construction into national medium- and long-term strategic planning, strengthening the construction of a scientific and technological innovation system, enhancing interdisciplinary cooperation, and emphasizing international collaboration, thereby precisely supporting the development of aeronautical engineering science and  echnologies in the next 20 years.